Effects of the cafeteria diet on the salivary glands of trained and sedentary Wistar rats / Efeitos da dieta de cafeteria sobre as glândulas salivares de ratos Wistar sedentários e treinados

The objective of this work was to study the effect of the aerobic physical training and the cafeteria diet introduced after weaning of Wistar rats and on the morphology of the main salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual). Male rats after weaning were subjected to the cafeteria diet or the standard rodent chow, and either performed aerobic physical training in a treadmill for 100 days, or did not performed any physical activity. Analyses were done considering the response in body weight, adipose tissues and salivary glands, and the data were submitted to statistical treatment (p < 0.05). The morphological and morphometric analyses of the salivary glands were performed through histological sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Despite the normophagic behavior, the rodents fed with the cafeteria diet became obese, with repercussions on parotid gland weight. However, this obesity and/or physical training did not influence the histological organization of the salivary glands. The morphometric analysis of the submandibular glands pointed out a reduction in the levels of serous acinar cells as an effect of the diet and physical training. In conclusion, the parotid and the submandibular glands alter themselves due to the nature and consistency of food present in the cafeteria diet as well as due to the aerobic physical training.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características morfológicas das glândulas salivares (parótida, submandibular, sublingual) apresentadas por ratos submetidos a treinamento físico aeróbio e dieta de cafeteria após o período de lactação. Ratos machos após a lactação consumiram dieta de cafeteria ou ração-padrão para roedores e realizaram treinamento físico aeróbio em esteira rolante por um período de 100 dias, ou não realizaram nenhuma atividade física. Foram feitas análises sobre a resposta do peso corporal, dos tecidos adiposos e das glândulas salivares e os dados submetidos a tratamento estatístico (p < 0,05). A análise morfológica e morfométrica das glândulas salivares foi realizada a partir de cortes histológicos corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina. Apesar do comportamento normofágico, os roedores alimentados com dieta de cafeteria apresentaram maior quantidade de gordura corporal, com repercussão sobre o peso da glândula parótida. A análise morfométrica das glândulas submandibulares indicou redução na proporção dos ácinos serosos como efeito da dieta de cafeteria e do treinamento físico. No entanto, excesso de gordura corporal, dieta de cafeteria e/ou treinamento físico não influenciou a organização histológica das glândulas salivares. Concluiu-se que as glândulas parótidas e submandibulares são mais influenciáveis em função da natureza e consistência dos alimentos presentes na dieta de cafeteria, assim como do treinamento físico aeróbio.

Morphometry and quantification of the myenteric neurons of the cecum of rats (rattus norvegicus) submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism / Morfometría y cuantificación de las neuronas mientéricas del ciego en ratones (rattus norvegicus) sometidos a alcoholismo crónico experimental

Morphometric and quantitative analyses were accomplished to study the effects of the consumption of alcohol above the size and density of the myenteric neurons of cecum of rats. Ten rats with 90 days were divided in the groups: control (C), and alcoholic (A). After 120 days of treatment with ethanol the cecum of both groups were collected, submitted it prepared of membranes that after carried out to Giemsa´s technique, permitted to evaluate the neuronal density, in an area of 13.44mm², and measure the cell body area of 300 neurons by group. The alcoholic rats presented an increase in the number of small neurons and a reduction of the big and medium neurons. The neuronal density verified in alcoholic rats was significantly reduced regarding the controls rats, however, that reduction left of be statistically significant when was projected the neuronal density for the total area of cecum, since the macroscopic observation showed that the alcoholic rats presented a cecum dilated. The alcoholism induced a significant reduction in the final body weight of the rats of the GA, provoked enlargement of cecum of the rats causing to a big dispersion neuronal. The enlargement of cecum of the alcoholic rats is probably associated with the functional alterations of the myenteric neurons that have repercussions in the tone of the intestinal smooth muscle.

Los análisis morfométrico y cuantitativo fueron hechos para estudiar los efectos del consumo de alcohol sobre el tamaño y densidad de las neuronas mientéricas del ciego de ratones. Diez ratones de 90 días, fueron divididos en los grupos: control (C), y alcohólico (A). Después de 120 días de tratamiento con etanol, los ciegos de ambos grupos fueron colectados, sometidos a preparación de membranas que después de coloreados por el método de Giemsa. Fue posible evaluar la densidad neuronal en un área de 13,44 mm2, y medir el área del cuerpo celular de 300 neuronas por grupo. Los ratones alcohólicos presentaron un incremento en el número de neuronas pequeñas y una disminución de las neuronas medianas y grandes. La densidad neuronal verificada en los ratones alcohólicos fue significativamente reducida, en relación a los ratones controles. Esa reducción dejó de ser estadísticamente significativa cuando fue proyectada la densidad de las neuronas para el área del ciego, ya que la observación macroscópica mostraba que los ratones alcohólicos presentaban un ciego dilatado. El alcoholismo indujo una reducción significativa en el peso corporal final de los ratones del grupo A, provocó dilatación del ciego de los ratones, llevando a una gran dispersión neuronal. La dilatación del ciego de los ratones alcohólicos está probablemente asociada a alteraciones funcionales de las neuronas mientéricas que repercuten en el tono de la musculatura lisa intestinal.

Análise morfológica das valvas das veias cardíacas magna e média de suínos / Morphological analysis of the magna and median cardiac vein valves in swine

As válvulas no interior das veias desempenham importante função nodirecionamento do sangue para o coração. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar um estudo macro e microscópico das válvulas das veias cardíacas de corações de suínos,estabelecendo possíveis correlações morfofuncionais. Foram utilizados 30 corações de suínos da raça Landrace e Large White, de ambos os sexos, que foram submetidos a estudo morfométrico, histológico e em microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram encontradas valvas no interior das veias cardíacas magna e média, em 100% dos casos estudados. Nos corações utilizados para análise histológica foram encontradas 291 válvulas, sendo 178 unicúspides (61,17%) 86 bicúspides (29,65%) e 27 tricúspides (9,28%). As valvas encontradas na parede das veias cardíacas magna e média eram constituídas por feixes de fibras colágenas, elásticas e musculares. Conclui-se que válvulas são um achado frequente nas veias cardíacas de suínos, com maior predomínio na metade proximal, tanto na veia cardíaca magna quanto na veia cardíaca média.

The valves inside veins have an important function in directing blood to the heart. The objective of this research was to perform a macro- and microscopic study of heart vein valves in pig hearts, and establish possible morphofunctional correlations. Thehearts of 30 pigs from the Landrace and Large White breeds were used, of both sexes, which were submitted to a morphometric and histological study in a scanning electronic microscope. Valves were found in the interior of the magna and median heart veins in 100% of studied cases. In the hearts used for histological analysis, 291 valves were found, of which 178 were unicuspid (61.17%), 86 bicuspid (29.65%), and 27 tricuspid (9.28%). The valvesfound in the wall of magna and median heart vein were made up of collagen, elastic and muscle fiber beams. It is concluded that valves are frequently found in the heart veins of pigs, with predominance in the proximal half, both in magna heart vein as in the medianheart vein.

Arquitetura da parede vascular de segmentos torácico e abdominais da aorta de macaco prego(Cebus apella / Architectural features of the aortic wall of Cebus apella monkey at the thoracic segment and at some abdominal segments: a light microscope study

O segmento torácico da aorta em macaco prego apresentou na túnica íntima uma lâmina elástica interna evidente, estando também presente em todos os segmentos aórticos abdominais analisados nesta espécie. A túnica média aórtica, ao nível torácico, mostrou uma quantidade média de 23,12 lâminas elásticas, tendo disposição circular e oblíqua em relação à luz vascular, e a túnica adventícia apareceu formada por fibras colágenas, dispostas irregularmente entre uma quantidade relativamente menor de fibras elásticas e de fibras musculares lisas. A túnica média do segmento abdominal aórtico, neste primata, observada ao nível supra-renal, apresentou em média 19,12 lâminas elásticas que apareceram relativamente desorganizadas e fragmentadas. Ao nível aórtico infra-renal, foram evidenciadas, na túnica média 11,75 lâminas elásticas, em média, e próximo da emissão das artérias ilíacas comuns a túnica média aórtica tinha cerca de 8,37 lâminas elásticas, asquais estavam entremeadas por fibras musculares lisas e por fibras colágenas que aparentavam aumentar a sua concentração próximo à adventícia. A lâmina elástica externa só foi visível no segmento abdominal aórtico mais distal, ou seja, próximo da emissão das artérias ilíacas comuns

The intimal layer of the thoracic and abdominal aortic segments of Cebus apella monkey presented an evident inner elastic lamina. The medial layer of the thoracic aorta segment showed a basic lamellar elastic pattern having a medium average of 23.12 lamellae per analyzed cut sections, which appeared disposed circular and oblique relatively to the aortic lumen. The aortic adventitial layer, at this level, was formed mainly by collagen fibers, irregularly disposed between elastic fibers and smooth muscle cells. The aortic abdominal portion, in this monkey, at the suprarenal level presented a medium number of19.12 elastic lamellae which showed a relatively disorganized and broken up pattern. At the infrarenal level the aortic medium layer showed a medium average of 11.75 elastic lamellae and next to the emission of the internal iliac arteries it was found only a middle average of 8.37 elastic lamellae interming led with smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers whose concentration seemed to be increased next to the adventitial layer. The external elastic lamina was only present in the more distal aortic segment near to the emission of the internal iliac arteries

Aspectos macroscópicos da desembocadura das veias facial, lingual e tireóidea superior, na veia jugular interna / Macroscopic aspects of the discharge of facial, lingual and superior thyroid veins into the internal jugular vein

A veia jugular interna, no seu trajeto descendente no pescoço, recebe tributárias como a veia facial, a veia lingual e a veia tireóidea superior. As veias da cabeça e do pescoço se anastomosam livremente, promovendo, com freqüência, variações anatômicas na sua distribuição, até mesmo diferenças nos antímeros de um mesmo indivíduo. Essa grande tendência das veias de sofrerem variações anatômicas nos motivou a ampliar as investigações com relação à desembocadura das veias facial, lingual e tireóidea superior na veia jugular interna, promovendo a identificação desses vasos em peças anatômicas cadavéricas utilizadas nos laboratórios de ensino de anatomia humana. Para este trabalho, foram feitas observações macroscópicas, na forma da desembocadura das veias facial, lingual e tireóidea superior, na veia jugular interna, em 37 antímeros de cabeças humanas, fixadas em formol a 10%, sendo 11 cabeças com antímeros direito e esquerdo, 9 cabeças com antímero esquerdo e 6 cabeças com antímero direito. Nossos resultados mostraram que a veia jugular interna recebe as veias tributárias facial, lingual e tireóidea superior de maneira variada, sendo 51% com desembocadura direta dessas tributárias na veia jugular interna, 38% com formação de um tronco venoso curto, denominado tíreo-línguo-facial, e em apenas 11% a formação do tronco línguo-facial.

The internal jugular vein, in its descending course at the neck, receives tributaries among which there are: the facial vein, the lingual vein and the superior thyroid vein. The veins from the head and neck anastomose freely, and this frequently causes anatomical variations in their distribution even between the two antimeres of the same individual. This great tendency of the veins of displaying anatomical variations prompted us to widen the investigations concerning the discharge of facial, lingual and superior thyroid veins at the internal jugular vein by identifying these vessels in anatomic pieces used at the teaching laboratories of human anatomy. For this paper, macroscopic observations were made by opening the facial, lingual and superior thyroid veins into the internal jugular vein in 37 antimeres of human heads fixed in 10% formol solution: 11 heads with right and left antimeres, nine with left antimere and six with right antimere. Our results showed that the internal jugular vein receives drainage from the facial, lingual and superior thyroid vein in varied ways: in 51% of the instances, these tributaries open directly into the internal jugular vein, in 38% they form a short venous trunk named thyro-lingual-facial trunk and in only 11% there is a lingual-facial trunk.

Morpho-quantitative study of NADH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons of the ileum of rats of Holtzman lineage (Rattus norvegicus) / Estudo morfoquantitativo dos neurônios mioentéricos NADH-diaforase positivos do íleo de ratos (Rattus norvegicus) da linhagem Holtzman

The myenteric plexus has a regular characteristic morphological pattern for each segment of the digestive tube and for each species of animal. Considering the lack of data pertaining to the mentioned plexus in rats of Holtzman lineage, the objective of this investigation was to carry out a morpho-quantitative study of the myenteric neurons in the ileum, by means of histological sections and whole-mount muscular preparations treated by the NADH-diaphorase method. The profiles of the cell bodies (CB) of the neurons in the mesenteric and antimesenteric regions were counted and measured. The neurons were classified according to the dimensions of the CBs. NADH-dp myenteric neurons were observed grouped together into ganglia in the muscular tunica. The mean neuronal density was 985.8 ± 195.4 neurons/8.96 mm2 in the antimesenteric region and 1267.8 ± 259.92 neurons/8.96 mm2 in the mesenteric region. The incidences of small, medium and large neurons were 14.4, 82 and 3.6% in the antimesenteric region and 14.6, 70.8 and 14.4% in the mesenteric region, respectively. It was concluded that ganglionated arrangements and medium-sized NADH-dp neurons predominated in the myenteric plexus of adult Holtzman rats. The results observed indicated that the NADH-dp myenteric neurons of the ileum of Holtzman rats are similar to those of rats of Wistar lineage with respect to their localization, ganglionated arrangement and the predominance of neurons with medium-sized CBs.

O plexo mioentérico possui um padrão morfológico regular característico para cada segmento do tubo digestório e para cada espécie animal. Considerando a escassez de dados pertinentes ao referido plexo em ratos da linhagem Holtzman, o presente estudo como objetivo o estudo morfoquantitativo dos neurônios mioentéricos do íleo, por meio de cortes histológicos e preparados de membrana, tratados pelo método da NADH-diaforase. Foram contados e mensurados os perfis do corpo celular (PC) de neurônios nas regiões mesentérica e antimesentérica. Os neurônios foram classificados segundo as dimensões do PC. Foram observados os neurônios mioentéricos NADH-dp, reunidos em gânglios na túnica muscular. A densidade neuronal média foi de 985,8 ± 195,4 neurônios/8,96 mm2 na região antimesentérica e 1267,8 ± 258,92 neurônios/8,96 mm2 na região mesentérica. As incidências de neurônios pequenos, médios e grandes foram 14,4, 82 e 3,6% na região antimesentérica, e 14,6, 70,8 e 14,4% na região mesentérica, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que, em ratos Holtzman adultos, predominam o arranjo ganglionado no plexo mioentérico e neurônios NADH-dp de tamanho médio. Os resultados encontrados indicam que os neurônios mioentéricos NADH-dp do íleo de ratos Holtzman são similares aos dos ratos da linhagem Wistar no que diz respeito à localização, arranjo ganglionado e predominância de neurônios com PC de tamanho médio.

Quantitative Study of the Myenteric Plexus of the Descending Colon of Young Rats Subjected to Intense Protein Deficiency / Estudio Cuantitativo del Plexo Mientérico del Colon Descendente de Ratas Jóvenes Sometidas a Intensa Deficiencia Proteica

We studied the effects of a severely hypoproteic diet on the quantitative aspects of the myenteric plexus of the descending colon of young rats. Eighteen rats were divided into two groups, one of them being fed with a chow having 26% protein (control) and the other with a chow having 4% protein, balanced for minerals and vitamins, during 12 weeks. The whole-mounts of the descending colon had their myenteric neurons stained either with Giemsa or NADPH diaphorase. The rats from the experimental group had deficits of body weight (54.23%) and area of the descending colon (48.14%); additionally, we observed that there was no alteration in the total number of neurons of the colon, but a decrease in the number of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons (37.80%). The implications of these results concerning the priority that some cellular types may have when nutrients are less available are discussed.

Estudiamos los efectos crónicos de una dieta severamente hipoproteica sobre los aspectos cuantitativos del plexo mientérico del colon descendente de ratones jóvenes. 18 ratones fueron divididos en dos grupos, a uno de estos grupos se le dió ración con contenido proteico del 26% (control) y al otro, ración con contenido proteico del 4%. Se mantuvo el balance vitamínico y mineral, durante 12 semanas. Elaboramos los preparados de membrana del colon descendente y marcamos las neuronas del plexo mientérico con Giemsa y NADPH-diaforasa. Los ratones del grupo experimental presentaron déficit de peso corporal (54,23%) y del área del colon descendente (48,14%); además, observamos que no hubo alteración en el número total de neuronas en todo el colon; sin embargo, hubo una disminución en la marcación de neuronas NADPH-diaforasa positivas (37,80%). Los resultados son discutidos, respecto a la prioridad que ciertos tipos celulares pudiesen tener, con la menor disponibilidad de nutrientes.

Morphological and quantitative analyses of the NADH-d myenteric neurons of the jejunum of rats submitted to experimental chronic alcoholism / Análisis Morfológico y Cuantitativo de de Neuronas Mientéricas NADH-d del Yeyuno de Ratas Sometidas a Alcoholismo Crónico Experimental

El objetivo del trabajo fue verificar, durante un período experimental de 210 días, los posibles efectos del etanol sobre la morfología y densidad de las neuronas mientéricas NADH-diaforasa, en el yeyuno de ratas alcohólicas. Utilizamos 10 animales (Rattus norvegicus) separadas en dos grupos: el control (n=5) que recibió una dieta proteica normal (22 por ciento) y agua ad libitum; el otro, alcohólico, que recibió dieta proteica normal NUVILAB (22 por ciento) y brandy de azúcar de caña diluido a 30 Gay Lussac (30 v/v). El segmento de yeyuno fue obtenido y sometido a técnicas histoquímicas para teñir las células nerviosas. La observación a través de microscopía de luz mostró que no hubo diferencias morfológicas de importancia entre las neuronas del grupo control y el sometido a alcoholismo. El recuento neuronal en el grupo control, llevado a cabo en 40 campos microscópicos (8,96 µm2), de las regiones mesentérica y antimesentérica, determinó 1.131 y 693 neuronas, respectivamente, mientras que en el grupo alcohólico se encontraron 1.229 y 860 neuronas, respectivamente. El incremento significativo en el número de neuronas en la región mesentérica, en el grupo de las ratas alcohólicas, es debido a un crecimiento físico menor de esos animales comparados con el grupo control. El etanol causó malnutrición y consecuentemente, las ratas alcohólicas mostraron una densidad neuronal más amplia debido a una dispersión menor.

The objective of our work was to verify, during an experimental period of 210 days, the possible effects of the ethanol on the morphology and density of the NADH-diaforase myenteric neurons in the jejunum of alcoholic rats. We used 10 animals (Rattus norvegicus) separated in 2 groups: the controls (n=5), that received a normal proteic diet (22%) and water ad libitum; the alcoholic, that received NUVILAB normal proteic chow (22%) and sugar cane brandy diluted at 30 Gay Lussac (30 v/v). The jejunum segment was collected and submitted to the histochemical technique to stain the nervous cells and, then, to the elaboration of membrane whole mounts. The observation through light microscopy showed that there are no expressive morphologic differences between the ganglia of neurons of the control and alcoholic rats. The counting of neurons, carried out in 40 microscopic fields (8.96µm2) in the control group, at the mesenteric and antimesenteric regions, found 1,131 and 693 neurons respectively, while, the alcoholic group found 1,229 and 860 neurons. The significant increase in the number of neurons in the mesenteric region, in the alcoholic rats, is due to the smaller physical growth of those animals when compared to the controls. The ethanol caused malnutrition and consequently the alcoholic rats showed a larger neuronal density due to its smaller dispersion.

Aspectos morfoquantitativos de neurônios mioentéricos NADPH-diaforase positivos do estômago de ratos diabéticos / Morphoquantitative aspects of the NADPH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons from the stomach of diabetic rats

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar as características morfoquantitativas de neurônios mioentéricos NADPH-diaforase positivos do estômago de ratos diabéticos. O estômago de cinco ratos normoglicêmicos e de cinco ratos diabéticos foi submetido a preparados de membrana corados pela técnica histoquímica da NADPH-diaforase. Verificou-se, nos animais diabéticos, diminuição do peso corporal, aumento do consumo diário de água, da glicemia em jejum e da hemoglobina glicada. Com os dados obtidos, foi observado aumento significante na densidade e nas áreas dos perfis celulares neuronais da região pilórica do estômago dos ratos diabéticos...

Morphoquantitative evaluation of the duodenal myenteric neuronal population in rats fed with hypoproteic ration.

The purpose of this work was to analyze the morphoquantitative behavior of the neurons of the myenteric plexus, as well as the morphometry of the duodenal wall, in adult rats fed with normoproteic (22%) and hypoproteic (8%) rations, killed at the age of 345 days. For neuronal assessments duodenal whole-mounts stained with the Giemsa method were used, and for the evaluation of the duodenal wall routine histological processing and staining with Hematoxilin-Eosin were employed. The means of the number of neurons in 80 microscopic fields (12.72 mm2) and of the size of the neuronal cell bodies did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups, but there was a greater incidence of large neurons in the protein restriction group (RP). The duodenum was markedly smaller in the RP group and, although there was no difference in the thickness of its wall, the mucosa was larger and the muscular layer was smaller in group RP. It was concluded that the neuronal and non-neuronal components of the duodenum adjust themselves to the nutritional condition, assuring the maintenance of their functions.

Morphoquantitative evaluation of the duodenal myenteric neurona} population in rats fed with hypoproteic ration

The purpose of this work was to analyze the morphoquantitative behavior of the neurons of the myenteric plexus, as well as the morphometry of the duodenal wall, in adult rats fed with normoproteic (22%) and hypoproteic (8%) rations, killed at the age of 345 days. For neuronal assessments duodenal wholernounts stained with the Giemsa method were used, and for the evaluation of the duodenal wall routine histological processing and staining with Hematoxilin-Eosin were employed. The means of the number of neurons in 80 microscopic fields (12.72 mm2) and of the size of the neuronal cell bodies did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups, but there was a greater incidence of large neurons in the protein restriction group (RP). The duodenum was markedly smaller in the RP group and, although there was no difference in the thickness of its wall, the mucosa was larger and the muscular layer was smaller in group RP. It was concluded that the neuronal and non-neuronal components of the duodenum adjust themselves to the nutritional condition, assuring the maintenance of their functions

Morphoquantitative evaluation of the duodenal myenteric neurona} population in rats fed with hypoproteic ration

The purpose of this work was to analyze the morphoquantitative behavior of the neurons of the myenteric plexus, as well as the morphometry of the duodenal wall, in adult rats fed with normoproteic (22%) and hypoproteic (8%) rations, killed at the age of 345 days. For neuronal assessments duodenal wholernounts stained with the Giemsa method were used, and for the evaluation of the duodenal wall routine histological processing and staining with Hematoxilin-Eosin were employed. The means of the number of neurons in 80 microscopic fields (12.72 mm2) and of the size of the neuronal cell bodies did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups, but there was a greater incidence of large neurons in the protein restriction group (RP). The duodenum was markedly smaller in the RP group and, although there was no difference in the thickness of its wall, the mucosa was larger and the muscular layer was smaller in group RP. It was concluded that the neuronal and non-neuronal components of the duodenum adjust themselves to the nutritional condition, assuring the maintenance of their functions

Morphoquantitative evaluation of the duodenal myenteric neuronal population in rats fed with hypoproteic ration.

The purpose of this work was to analyze the morphoquantitative behavior of the neurons of the myenteric plexus, as well as the morphometry of the duodenal wall, in adult rats fed with normoproteic (22

) and hypoproteic (8

) rations, killed at the age of 345 days. For neuronal assessments duodenal whole-mounts stained with the Giemsa method were used, and for the evaluation of the duodenal wall routine histological processing and staining with Hematoxilin-Eosin were employed. The means of the number of neurons in 80 microscopic fields (12.72 mm2) and of the size of the neuronal cell bodies did not reveal statistically significant differences between the groups, but there was a greater incidence of large neurons in the protein restriction group (RP). The duodenum was markedly smaller in the RP group and, although there was no difference in the thickness of its wall, the mucosa was larger and the muscular layer was smaller in group RP. It was concluded that the neuronal and non-neuronal components of the duodenum adjust themselves to the nutritional condition, assuring the maintenance of their functions.

Profile of the cell body of nadh-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons from the stomach of rats (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to chronic alcoholism

O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o perfil dos corpos celulares dos neurônios mioentéricos NADH-diaforase positivos do estômago de ratos. Utilizou-se 10 animais (Rattus norvegicus), provenientes dos grupos: a) controle (n=5), que durante 210 dias receberam, ad libitum, dieta com teor protéico normal (22 por cento) e água; e b) experimental (n=5), que durante 210 dias receberam, ad libitum, ração com teor protéico normal (22 por cento) e aguardente-de-cana diluída a 30 Gay Lussac (30º v/v). Os estômagos coletados foram submetidos à técnica de evidenciação neuronal. A mensuração do perfil dos corpos celulares dos neurônios (n=1.000) foi através de um Sistema Computadorizado de Análise de Imagem. O perfil dos corpos celulares dos neurônios do grupo controle ficou entre 60,16 a 638,64 m2. No grupo experimental variou de 40,84 a 599,15 µm2. Constatamos redução significante no tamanho do corpo celular, aumento de neurônios pequenos e diminuição de neurônios grandes

Avaliação quantitativa e mofométrica dos neurônios mioentéricos da região agrandular do estômago de ratos com Diabetes Mellitus induzido por estreptozootocina e suplementados com ácido ascórbico / Quantitative and morphometric evaluation of myenteric neurons of the forestomach of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats supplemented with ascorbic acid

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos investigar possíveis alterações no número e a área do corpo celular dos neurônios mioentéricos NADH-diaforase reativos (NADH-dr) da região aglandular do estômago de ratos diabéticos e o efeito da suplementação com AA (1g/L de água) nos referidos parâmetros. Para tanto, 15 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) foram separados em três grupos (n = 5): controle (C); diabético (D); e diabético suplementado com AA (DS). O DM foi induzido por estreptozootocina (35 mg/kg de peso corporal). Após 120 dias de experimento, os animais foram anestesiados para obtenção do estômago. Os neurônios mioentéricos foram evidenciados pelo método da NADH-diaforase. Por meio de microscópio de luz foram contados os neurônios NADH-dr e, pelo programa computadorizado para análise de imagens, foi mensurado o perfil do corpo celular (PCC) desses neurônios. O número de neurônios NADH-dr não variou significativamente entre os três grupos estutados (P>0,05). A média dos PCCs foi maior (P<0,05) para os neurônios dos grupos D e DS do que para o grupo C. Ocorreu aumento na incidência de neurônios com PCC superior a 200 µm2 no grupo D quando comparada aos grupos DS e C. Os resultados sugerem que a suplementação com AA teve efeito neuroprotetor sobre os neurônios mioentéricos NADH-dr representado pela diminuição da freqüência de neurônios grandes na região aglandular A e B do grupo DS

Resposta dos neurônios mioentéricos do duodeno de ratos ao diabetes de curto prazo / Response of the myenteric neurons of the rat duodenal to short-term diabetes

Foram avaliados os neurônios mioentéricos do duodeno de ratos com diabetes de curto prazo induzido por estreptozootocina com e sem tratamento com insulina. A densidade de neurônios NADH diaforase positivos no duodeno dos ratos diabéticos aumentou em relação aos controles, indicando uma resposta neuronal precoce ao estado diabético. Por outro lado, a sub-população neuronal NADPH diaforase positiva não mostrou alterações significativas de densidade quando os grupos controle diabético não tratado e diabético tratado com insulina foram comparados, indicando que esses neurônios são resistentes ao diabetes de curto prazo. O tratamento com insulina melhorou a condição fisiológica dos ratos diabéticos tratados em comparação com o grupo diabético não tratado, mas não evitou o aumento na densidade neuronal, avaliada pela coloração com a NADH diaforase, no duodeno dos ratos diabéticos tratados comparados com os não tratados

Etiopatogenia da neuropatia diabética / Etiopathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy

Embora as neuropatias diabéticas sejam extremamente comuns, representando uma das maiores complicações do diabetes mellitus, os mecanismos que produzem a lesão do nervo ainda permanecem inadequadamente entendidos e explorados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão da literatura onde foram abordados aspectos das possíveis causas da origem da neuropatia diabética, assim como sua fisiopatologia

Evaluation of the nitrergic myenteric neurons in the distal colon of diabetic rats treated with acetyl-L-Carnitine

In this work, we evaluated the effect of acetyl-L-carnitine supplmentation on the presence of NADPH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons in the distal colon of rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin. Rats 105 days old were divided into four groups: normoglycemic, normoglycemic supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine, diabetic and diabetic supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine. Diabetes was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg, i. v.). Supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine was done for 105 days. The neuronal density was similar in all groups. In diabetic rats, the area of neuronal cell body profile was greater (p<0, 05) than in normoglycemic rats, whereas in diabetic rats receiving acetyl-L-carnitine the areas were smaller than in the non-supplemented diabetic rats (p<0, 05). The increase in the colonic area of diabetic rats was greater than in diabetic rats treated with acetyl-L-carnitine (p<0, 05), indicating that the increment in the population of these neurons was higher in treated diabetic rats. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of carnitine is restricted to preventing an excessive increase in neuronal area. The greater dilatation of the distal colon seen in diabetic rats supplemented with acetyl-L-carnitine probably represents and adverse effect of this compound.

[NADH-diaphorase positive neurons of the jejunum of disnurtured adult rats (Rattus norvegicus): quantitative aspects]. / Neur nios NADH-diaforase positivos do jejuno de ratos adultos (Rattus norvegicus) desnutridos: aspectos quantitativos.

We aim at contributing with information on the quantitative aspects of the NADH-diaphorase positive myenteric neurons of the jejunum of adult rats subjected to protein desnutrition. Ten rats aging 90 days were divided into two groups: control (n=5, 278 g) and disnurtured (n=5, 280 g). In the following 120 days, the rats from the control group had chow with 22% protein level, and those from the disnurtured group, with 8% protein level. After this period, the control rats weighted 394.4g and the disnurtured 273.5g. The jejunum was subjected to the histochemical technique of the NADH-diaphorase to stain nerve cells in whole-mounts. The neurons found in 80 microscopic fields of both groups were counted. In the control 674.6 neurons were observed, and 1326.8 neurons were counted in the disnurtured group. The low-protein diet did not alter the organization of the neurons, but led to a smaller body growth in the disnurtured animals, preventing neuronal dispersal and leading to a greater density per mm .

Neurônios NADH-diaforase positivos do jejuno de ratos adultos (Rattus norvegicus) desnutridos: aspectos quantitativos / NADH-diaphorase positive neurons of the jejunum of disnurtured adult rats (Rattus norvegicus): quantitative aspects

Temos por objetivo contribuir com informaçöes sobre os aspectos quantitativos dos neurônios mioentéricos NADH-diaforase positivos do jejuno de ratos submetidos a desnutriçäo protéica. Foram utilizados 10 ratos (90 dias de idade), divididos em grupos: controle (n=5, ±278g) e desnutrido (n=5, ±280g). Nos 120 dias seguintes, os ratos do grupo controle receberam raçäo com teor protéico de 22 por cento, os do grupo desnutrido, 8 por cento. Ao final deste período, os ratos do grupo controle pesaram ±394,4g e os desnutrido ±273,5g.O jejuno foi submetido à técnica histoquímica da NADH-diaforase para evidenciaçäo de células nervosas em preparado de membranas. Foram contados os neurônios presentes em 80 campos microscópicos em ambos os grupos. Verificaram-se no controle ±674,6 neurônios e no desnutrido ±1326,8 neurônios; A dieta näo alterou a organizaçäo dos neurônios entretanto, levou a um menor desenvolvimento corporal nos animais desnutridos, contribuindo para que os neurônios destes sofressem menor dispersäo e apresentassem maior densidade por mm²